Amanzi etephu(ekwabizwa ngokuba yitepu yamanzi, amanzi etephu okanye amanzi kamasipala) ngamanzi anikezelwa ngeempompo kunye nezivalo zemithombo yokusela.Amanzi etephu adla ngokusetyenziselwa ukusela, ukupheka, ukuhlamba kunye nokugungxulwa kwezindlu zangasese.Amanzi ompompo angaphakathi ahanjiswa “ngemibhobho yangaphakathi”.Olu hlobo lombhobho lukho ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa lwalungabonelelwa kwiqaqobana labantu de kwakwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 xa lwaqalisa ukuduma kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho namhlanje.Amanzi aphuma empompeni aye axhaphakile kwimimandla emininzi ngenkulungwane yama-20 yaye ngoku ubukhulu becala akakho phakathi kwamahlwempu, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo.

Kumazwe amaninzi, amanzi ompompo adla ngokunxulumana namanzi okusela.Ii-arhente zikarhulumente zidla ngokubeka esweni umgangatho weamanzi etephu.Iindlela zokucocwa kwamanzi asekhaya, ezifana nezihluzi zamanzi, ukubilisa okanye ukuxutywa kwe-distillation, zingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga ukungcoliswa kwe-microbial yamanzi epompo ukuphucula ukuselwa kwawo.Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa (obufana neendawo zokucocwa kwamanzi) ezibonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo kumakhaya, amashishini, nakwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ngummandla ongaphantsi kobunjineli bococeko.Ukubiza unikezelo lwamanzi ngokuthi “amanzi etephu” kuyawahlula kwezinye iindidi eziphambili zamanzi ahlaziyekileyo anokubakho;ezi ziquka amanzi aphuma kumadama okuqokelela amanzi emvula, amanzi aphuma kwimpompo zaselalini okanye zedolophu, amanzi aphuma kwimithombo, okanye imilambo, okanye amachibi (Ukuselwa kunokwahluka) amanzi.

imvelaphi
Ukubonelela ngamanzi aphuma empompo kubemi bezixeko ezikhulu okanye amahlomela-dolophu kufuna uqokelelo oluntsonkothileyo noluyilwe kakuhle, ukugcinwa, ukusetyenzwa nokuhanjiswa kwenkqubo, yaye ngokuqhelekileyo kuluxanduva lwamaziko karhulumente.

Ngokwembali, amanzi acociweyo afumaneka esidlangalaleni aye anxulunyaniswa nokunyuka okuphawulekayo kwexesha lokuphila kunye nokuphuculwa kwempilo yoluntu.Ukubulala iintsholongwane emanzini kunokunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yezifo ezifumaneka emanzini ezifana ne-typhoid fever kunye nekholera.Kukho imfuneko enkulu yokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini okusela kulo lonke ihlabathi.I-Chlorination okwangoku yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini, nangona iikhompawundi zeklorini zinokusabela ngezinto ezisemanzini kwaye zivelise imveliso ye-disinfection by-products (DBP) ebangela iingxaki kwimpilo yabantu. ubukho bee-iron ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi, ezidla ngokwenza amanzi abe "thambile" okanye "anzima".

Amanzi ompompo asesesichengeni songcoliseko lwebhayoloji okanye lwekhemikhali.Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kuseyingxaki enkulu yezempilo ehlabathini lonke.Izifo ezibangelwa kukusela amanzi angcolileyo zibulala abantwana abasisi-1.6 sezigidi nyaka ngamnye.Ukuba ungcoliseko lubonwa njengengozi kwimpilo yoluntu, amagosa karhulumente adla ngokukhupha iingcebiso malunga nokuselwa kwamanzi.Kwimeko yongcoliseko lwebhayoloji, kudla ngokucetyiswa ukuba abahlali babilise amanzi okanye basebenzise amanzi asebhotileni njengenye indlela phambi kokusela.Kwimeko yongcoliseko lwemichiza, abahlali banokucetyiswa ukuba bakuphephe ukusela amanzi aphuma empompo ngokupheleleyo de ingxaki isonjululwe.

Kwiindawo ezininzi, i-low concentrations ye-fluoride (< 1.0 ppm F) yongezwa ngenjongo kumanzi ompompo ukuphucula impilo yamazinyo, nangona "i-fluoridation" isengumba ophikisanayo kwezinye iindawo.(Jonga impikiswano ye-fluorination yamanzi).Nangona kunjalo, ukusela ixesha elide lamanzi anoxinzelelo lwefluoride ephezulu (> 1.5 ppm F) kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu, ezifana ne-dental fluorosis, i-enamel plaque kunye ne-skeletal fluorosis, kunye nokukhubazeka kwamathambo ebantwaneni.Ubunzima be-fluorosis buxhomekeke kumxholo we-fluoride emanzini, kunye nokutya kwabantu kunye nokusebenza komzimba.Iindlela zokususa i-fluoride ziquka iindlela ezisekwe kwi-membrane, imvula, i-absorption, kunye ne-electrocoagulation.

Ummiselo kunye nokuthotyelwa
eMelika
I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (EPA) ilawula amanqanaba avumelekileyo ongcoliseko oluthile kwiinkqubo zonikezelo lwamanzi zoluntu.Amanzi ompompo anokuba nezinto ezininzi ezingcolisa umzimba ezingalawulwa yi-EPA kodwa zinokuba yingozi kwimpilo yabantu.Iinkqubo zamanzi zoluntu—ezo zikhonza iqela elifanayo labantu unyaka wonke—kufuneka zinike abathengi “ingxelo yokuzithemba yabathengi” yonyaka.Ingxelo ichonga ukungcola (ukuba kukho) kwinkqubo yamanzi kwaye ichaza imiphumo yempilo enokubakho.Emva kweFlint Lead Crisis (2014), abaphandi banikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kuphononongo lweendlela zomgangatho wamanzi okusela kulo lonke elaseUnited States.Amanqanaba angakhuselekanga okukhokela afunyenwe kumanzi ompompo kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo, njengeSebring, eOhio ngo-Agasti 2015 kunye neWashington, DC kwi-2001.Uphononongo oluninzi lubonise ukuba, ngokomndilili, malunga ne-7-8% yeenkqubo zamanzi zoluntu (CWS) zaphula uMthetho waManzi okuSela ngokuKhuselekileyo (Safe Drinking Act) (SDWA) minyaka le.Ngenxa yobukho bongcoliso kumanzi okusela, kukho malunga ne-16 yezigidi zeemeko ze-acute gastroenteritis e-United States nyaka ngamnye.

Ngaphambi kokwakha okanye ukuguqula inkqubo yonikezelo lwamanzi, abaqulunqi kunye neekontraka kufuneka bajonge iikhowudi zemibhobho yendawo kwaye bafumane imvume yokwakha phambi kokwakhiwa.Ukutshintsha isifudumezi-manzi esele sikhona kunokufuna imvume kunye nokuhlolwa komsebenzi.Umgangatho kazwelonke weSikhokelo soMbhobho waManzi okuSela e-US sisixhobo esiqinisekiswe yi-NSF / ANSI 61. I-NSF / ANSI iphinde yaseka imigangatho yokuqinisekiswa kwamathini amaninzi, nangona i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ivume ezi zinto.