Amanzi etephu(ekwabizwa ngokuba ngamanzi empompi, amanzi empompi okanye amanzi kamasipala) ngamanzi anikezelwa ngeempompo kunye neevalvu zomthombo wokusela. Amanzi empompi adla ngokusetyenziselwa ukusela, ukupheka, ukuhlamba kunye nokuhlamba izindlu zangasese. Amanzi empompi angaphakathi asasazwa "ngemibhobho yangaphakathi". Olu hlobo lombhobho belukho ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa aluzange lunikwe abantu abambalwa de kwaba sisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 xa lwaqala ukuthandwa kumazwe aphuhlileyo namhlanje. Amanzi empompi aba yinto eqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwaye ngoku anqongophele kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abahlwempuzekileyo, ingakumbi kumazwe asaphuhlayo.

Kumazwe amaninzi, amanzi ompompo adla ngokunxulunyaniswa namanzi okusela. Iiarhente zikarhulumente zihlala zijonga umgangathoamanzi etephuIindlela zokucoca amanzi zasekhaya, ezifana nezihluzo zamanzi, ukubilisa okanye ukuhluza, zingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga ungcoliseko lwamanzi empompini ngeentsholongwane ukuphucula ukusela kwawo. Ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji (ezifana nezityalo zokucoca amanzi) ezibonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo kumakhaya, kumashishini nakwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke yinkalo ephambili yobunjineli bococeko. Ukubiza unikezelo lwamanzi ngokuthi “amanzi empompi” kuyahlula kwezinye iintlobo zamanzi acocekileyo ezinokufumaneka; ezi ziquka amanzi avela kumachibi okuqokelelwa kwamanzi emvula, amanzi avela kwiimpompo zasezilalini okanye zasezidolophini, amanzi avela kwimithombo, okanye kwimijelo, kwimilambo, okanye kumachibi (Ukusela kwawo kunokwahluka).

imvelaphi
Ukubonelela ngamanzi empompini kubemi bezixeko ezinkulu okanye kwiindawo ezikufutshane kufuna inkqubo yokuqokelela, yokugcina, yokucubungula, kunye nokusasaza amanzi eyinkimbinkimbi neyilwe kakuhle, kwaye idla ngokuba luxanduva lweearhente zikarhulumente.

Ngokwembali, amanzi acociweyo afumaneka esidlangalaleni aye anxulunyaniswa nokwanda okukhulu kwexesha lokuphila kunye nokuphuculwa kwempilo yoluntu. Ukubulala iintsholongwane emanzini kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wezifo ezithwalwa ngamanzi ezifana nomkhuhlane wetyphoid kunye nekholera. Kukho imfuneko enkulu yokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini okusela kwihlabathi liphela. I-chlorine okwangoku yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini, nangona iikhompawundi ze-chlorine zinokusabela kwizinto ezikumanzi kwaye zivelise iimveliso zokubulala iintsholongwane (DBP) ezibangela iingxaki kwimpilo yabantu. Iimeko zejoloji zasekuhlaleni ezichaphazela amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokubakho kwee-ion ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi, ezihlala zenza amanzi abe “thambile” okanye “aqine”.

Amanzi empompi asesesichengeni sokungcola kwezinto eziphilayo okanye iikhemikhali. Ungcoliseko lwamanzi lusesengxakini enkulu yempilo kwihlabathi liphela. Izifo ezibangelwa kukusela amanzi angcolileyo zibulala abantwana abayi-1.6 yezigidi minyaka le. Ukuba ungcoliseko luthathwa njengoluyingozi kwimpilo yoluntu, amagosa karhulumente adla ngokukhupha iingcebiso malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Kwimeko yongcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo, kudla ngokucetyiswa ukuba abemi babilise amanzi okanye basebenzise amanzi asebhotileni njengendlela eyahlukileyo ngaphambi kokuba basele. Kwimeko yongcoliseko lweekhemikhali, abemi banokucetyiswa ukuba baphephe ukusela amanzi empompini ngokupheleleyo de ingxaki isonjululwe.

Kwiindawo ezininzi, amanqanaba aphantsi e-fluoride (< 1.0 ppm F) ayongezwa ngabom emanzini ompompo ukuphucula impilo yamazinyo, nangona "i-fluoride" isengumcimbi ophikisanayo kwezinye iindawo. (Jonga impikiswano ye-fluorination yamanzi). Nangona kunjalo, ukusela amanzi ixesha elide kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-fluoride (> 1.5 ppm F) kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu, efana ne-fluorosis yamazinyo, i-enamel plaque kunye ne-skeletal fluorosis, kunye nokukhubazeka kwamathambo ebantwaneni. Ubunzima be-fluorosis buxhomekeke kumxholo we-fluoride emanzini, kunye nokutya kwabantu kunye nomsebenzi womzimba. Iindlela zokususa i-fluoride ziquka iindlela ezisekwe kwi-membrane, imvula, ukufunxwa, kunye ne-electrocoagulation.

Ulawulo kunye nokuthobela
IMelika
I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (i-EPA) ilawula amanqanaba avumelekileyo okungcola okuthile kwiinkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi kawonkewonke. Amanzi ompompo anokuba nezinto ezininzi ezingcolisayo ezingalawulwa yi-EPA kodwa ezinokuba yingozi kwimpilo yabantu. Iinkqubo zamanzi oluntu—ezo zikhonza iqela elifanayo labantu unyaka wonke—kufuneka zinike abathengi “ingxelo yokuzithemba kwabathengi” yonyaka. Ingxelo ichonga ukungcola (ukuba kukho) kwinkqubo yamanzi kwaye ichaza iziphumo ezinokubakho kwimpilo. Emva kweFlint Lead Crisis (2014), abaphandi banike ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kuphononongo lweendlela zomgangatho wamanzi okusela kulo lonke elase-United States. Amanqanaba angakhuselekanga e-lead afunyenwe emanzini ompompo kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo, njengeSebring, e-Ohio ngo-Agasti 2015 kunye neWashington, DC ngo-2001. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba, ngokomyinge, malunga ne-7-8% yeenkqubo zamanzi oluntu (CWS) ziyaphula imiba yezempilo yoMthetho woKusela oKhuselekileyo (i-SDWA) minyaka le. Ngenxa yokubakho kokungcola emanzini okusela, kukho malunga ne-16 yezigidi zeemeko ze-acute gastroenteritis e-United States minyaka le.

Ngaphambi kokuba bakhe okanye batshintshe inkqubo yokubonelela ngamanzi, abayili kunye nabakhi kufuneka bajonge iikhowudi zemibhobho zasekuhlaleni baze bafumane iimvume zokwakha ngaphambi kokuba bakhe. Ukutshintsha isifudumezi samanzi esikhoyo kunokufuna imvume kunye nokuhlolwa komsebenzi. Umgangatho wesizwe weSikhokelo seMibhobho yaManzi okuSela sase-US sisixhobo esiqinisekiswe yi-NSF/ANSI 61. I-NSF/ANSI ikwamise imigangatho yokuqinisekiswa kweetini ezininzi, nangona i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ivumile ezi zixhobo.